Ready-to-eat Cereal Breakfasts are Associated with Improved Nutrient Intake and Dietary Adequacy but Not Body Mass Index in Black Adolescents
Improved Nutrient Intake and Dietary Adequacy but Not Body Mass Index
Improved Nutrient Intake and Dietary Adequacy but Not Body Mass Index
Brandy M. Williams; Carol E. O'Neil, PhD, MPH, LDN, RD; Debra R. Keast, PhD; Susan Cho, PhD; Theresa A. Nicklas, DrPH
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, and weight status were associated with type of breakfast consumption: skipping breakfast, consuming ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast, or consuming other types of foods at breakfast. Data from black adolescents 13 to 18 years of age (n = 988) participating in the 19992002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in a secondary data analysis. Thirty-seven percent of black adolescents skipped breakfast, 19% consumed RTEC at breakfast, and44% consumed other breakfasts.
The goal of this study was to determine whether nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, and weight status were associated with type of breakfast consumption: skipping breakfast, consuming ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast, or consuming other types of foods at breakfast. Data from black adolescents 13 to 18 years of age (n = 988) participating in the 19992002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in a secondary data analysis. Thirty-seven percent of black adolescents skipped breakfast, 19% consumed RTEC at breakfast, and44% consumed other breakfasts.
RTEC breakfast and other breakfast consumers had higher mean energy intakes than breakfast skippers (P .05). After adjusting for genderand energy intake, RTEC breakfast consumers had higher intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin , folate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, and vitamins A, B6 , and B12 than breakfast skippers and other breakfast consumers (P .05). RTEC breakfast consumers had the highest mean adequacy ratio, followed by other breakfast consumers, then breakfast skippers (P .05). Those consuming RTEC at breakfast had lower mean body mass index (P .05) and waist circumference (P .05) than breakfast skippers; however, there was no difference between those consuming RTEC and other breakfasts. If confirmed in prospective studies, consuming a breakfast meal with RTEC may be a useful strategy to encourage in black adolescents as a way to improve nutrient intake and dietary adequacy without increasing weight .
Introduction
Adolescence is a time of rapid growth and development, making this a period of nutritional vulnerability. At the same time, adolescents demonstrate increasing control over their own food choices[1,2] and may make poor dietary choices.[3,4] Discretionary fat and added sugars make up more than 40% of total energy intake in the diet of adolescents.[3] Black adolescents may be especially vulnerable to poor diets because they are less likely than white adolescents to meet dietary recommendations for several essential nutrients.[57]
Skipping breakfast is an example of a poor dietary practice commonly seen in adolescents.[8] Although breakfast has been called the most important meal of the day, it is the meal that is skipped most frequently.[9,10 ] Black adolescents tend to skip breakfast more often than their white counterparts. [11 13] The importance of breakfast is underscored because regular consumption of breakfast is associated with improved cognition [14 ] and nutrient intake in adolescents. Skipping breakfast may result in inadequate nutrient intake that is not compensated for at other times during the day.[15 ] Skipping breakfast is also associated with lower energy intake but higher body mass index (BMI).[8,9,16 ,17 ]
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Introduction
Adolescence is a time of rapid growth and development, making this a period of nutritional vulnerability. At the same time, adolescents demonstrate increasing control over their own food choices[1,2] and may make poor dietary choices.[3,4] Discretionary fat and added sugars make up more than 40% of total energy intake in the diet of adolescents.[3] Black adolescents may be especially vulnerable to poor diets because they are less likely than white adolescents to meet dietary recommendations for several essential nutrients.[57]
Skipping breakfast is an example of a poor dietary practice commonly seen in adolescents.[8] Although breakfast has been called the most important meal of the day, it is the meal that is skipped most frequently.[9,10 ] Black adolescents tend to skip breakfast more often than their white counterparts. [11 13] The importance of breakfast is underscored because regular consumption of breakfast is associated with improved cognition [14 ] and nutrient intake in adolescents. Skipping breakfast may result in inadequate nutrient intake that is not compensated for at other times during the day.[15 ] Skipping breakfast is also associated with lower energy intake but higher body mass index (BMI).[8,9,16 ,17 ]
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